8+ Cheap Florida to PA Flights (Book Now!)


8+ Cheap Florida to PA Flights (Book Now!)

Air journey between Florida and Pennsylvania connects two states with distinct traits. Pennsylvania, with its historic significance and various city and rural landscapes, gives a distinction to Florida’s famend seashores, heat local weather, and vibrant tourism trade. This route caters to each leisure and enterprise vacationers, facilitating motion between the Northeast and the Southeast areas of the USA. For instance, Pennsylvanians may search refuge from winter’s chill by heading south, whereas Floridians might be drawn north for enterprise alternatives or to expertise a special cultural and environmental setting.

This air hyperlink performs a vital function in interstate commerce and tourism. It allows handy entry to household and mates throughout state traces, helps enterprise operations spanning each areas, and facilitates the circulation of products and companies. Traditionally, this route has grown in significance as air journey turned extra accessible, reflecting the growing interconnectedness of various components of the nation. Improved flight frequency and aggressive fares have additional contributed to the importance of this connection.

Additional exploration of this subject may embrace detailed evaluation of particular routes, seasonal journey patterns, the impression of main airports and airways serving these routes, and the financial affect of this very important transportation connection.

1. Direct flights

Direct flights represent a significant factor of air journey between Florida and Pennsylvania, providing vacationers a streamlined and sometimes faster journey. Eliminating the necessity for layovers and aircraft adjustments, direct routes scale back total journey time and mitigate the danger of missed connections. This effectivity is especially worthwhile for enterprise vacationers and people with tight schedules. The supply of direct flights is influenced by a number of components, together with passenger demand, airline route planning, and airport infrastructure. For instance, high-traffic routes between main airports like Orlando Worldwide (MCO) and Philadelphia Worldwide (PHL) usually tend to have a number of direct flight choices supplied by numerous airways.

The prevalence of direct flights on particular routes between Florida and Pennsylvania usually displays the energy of financial and tourism ties between the 2 states. Routes serving standard vacationer locations or enterprise hubs are likely to have extra direct flight choices. Conversely, much less frequented routes could solely provide connecting flights, requiring passengers to alter planes at an intermediate airport. This distinction can considerably impression journey time and comfort. As an example, whereas a number of airways provide direct flights from Tampa Worldwide (TPA) to main cities in Pennsylvania, smaller airports in Florida could have restricted or no direct connections, requiring vacationers to attach via hubs like Atlanta or Charlotte.

Understanding the panorama of direct flight choices out there for journey between Florida and Pennsylvania is essential for environment friendly journey planning. Contemplating components corresponding to departure and arrival airports, airline preferences, and journey time sensitivities permits vacationers to make knowledgeable choices. Whereas direct flights provide comfort and time financial savings, evaluating potential price variations in comparison with connecting flights is important for budget-conscious vacationers. In the end, the selection between a direct or connecting flight entails weighing the worth of time towards price and total journey expertise.

2. Connecting Flights

Connecting flights play a vital function in facilitating air journey between Florida and Pennsylvania, significantly for routes the place direct flights are restricted or unavailable. They develop journey choices by linking smaller airports in each states to main airline hubs. This enables passengers to succeed in their ultimate vacation spot by way of an intermediate airport, usually with a change of plane. For instance, a traveler flying from Gainesville Regional Airport (GNV) in Florida to Harrisburg Worldwide Airport (MDT) in Pennsylvania is more likely to require a connecting flight via a hub corresponding to Charlotte Douglas Worldwide Airport (CLT) or Atlanta’s Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta Worldwide Airport (ATL). Connecting flights function an important bridge, enabling entry to a wider vary of locations and growing the general connectivity between the 2 states. The trade-off for this elevated accessibility usually entails longer journey instances and the potential for flight disruptions as a consequence of missed connections.

A number of components affect the prevalence and necessity of connecting flights for journey between Florida and Pennsylvania. Airline route networks play a major function, as airways strategically allocate assets based mostly on passenger demand and operational effectivity. Smaller regional airports with restricted direct flight choices usually depend on connecting flights via bigger hubs to supply entry to a broader vary of locations. Seasonal fluctuations in journey patterns may also impression the supply of direct flights, resulting in elevated reliance on connections during times of decrease demand. As an example, sure routes may provide direct flights throughout peak vacationer seasons however shift to connecting flights throughout off-peak intervals. Moreover, the price of airfare generally is a driving think about selecting a connecting flight. Price range-conscious vacationers could go for connecting itineraries, usually supplied at decrease costs than direct flights, accepting the elevated journey time in alternate for price financial savings.

Understanding the dynamics of connecting flights is important for efficient journey planning between Florida and Pennsylvania. Evaluating the potential advantages and downsides of connecting flights versus direct flights permits vacationers to make knowledgeable choices based mostly on particular person priorities and constraints. Elements to think about embrace total journey time, price, baggage switch necessities, and the potential for delays or missed connections. Whereas connecting flights could introduce complexities, they continue to be an indispensable part of air journey, significantly for these in search of reasonably priced entry to a wider array of locations throughout Florida and Pennsylvania.

3. Main Airways

Main airways play a pivotal function in facilitating air journey between Florida and Pennsylvania, providing a complete community of routes and flight choices. Their presence on this route is pushed by substantial passenger demand stemming from each leisure and enterprise journey. Airways like American, Delta, United, and Southwest function quite a few flights connecting main airports in Florida, corresponding to Miami (MIA), Orlando (MCO), and Tampa (TPA), to key locations in Pennsylvania, together with Philadelphia (PHL), Pittsburgh (PIT), and Harrisburg (MDT). This intensive community supplies vacationers with flexibility in scheduling and route decisions. The competitors amongst these airways usually results in aggressive pricing and enhanced companies, benefiting customers via probably decrease fares and improved facilities. As an example, American Airways providing direct flights from Miami to Philadelphia alongside comparable choices from Delta and United creates a aggressive panorama that may affect ticket pricing and in-flight companies.

The significance of main airways extends past merely offering flight choices. Their operations contribute considerably to the economies of each states, supporting jobs within the aviation sector and associated industries. The dependable and frequent service supplied by main carriers facilitates enterprise journey, which is significant for interstate commerce. Furthermore, these airways usually spend money on infrastructure enhancements on the airports they serve, enhancing the general journey expertise for passengers. The presence of main airways additionally fosters tourism, as handy and dependable air journey makes locations extra accessible. For instance, Delta’s intensive community of flights from numerous Florida airports to Pennsylvania makes it simpler for vacationers to discover completely different components of each states, boosting native economies. Moreover, main airways provide numerous fare lessons and loyalty packages, catering to a wider vary of traveler budgets and preferences. This enables passengers to select from fundamental economic system fares to premium cabin experiences, offering larger flexibility and management over journey prices and luxury ranges.

In abstract, main airways are an integral part of the air journey infrastructure connecting Florida and Pennsylvania. Their operations contribute to financial progress, facilitate enterprise and leisure journey, and supply vacationers with a spread of decisions by way of routes, schedules, and repair ranges. Navigating the nuances of main airline choices, together with understanding their route networks, pricing methods, and loyalty packages, permits vacationers to optimize their journey expertise. Whereas challenges corresponding to flight delays and baggage points can happen, the general contribution of main airways to connectivity between these two states stays vital. This understanding empowers vacationers to make knowledgeable choices, balancing components corresponding to price, comfort, and total journey expertise when selecting a flight between Florida and Pennsylvania.

4. Price range Carriers

Price range carriers signify a major phase of the air journey market between Florida and Pennsylvania, providing cost-conscious vacationers a substitute for main airways. These carriers, usually characterised by no-frills service and a concentrate on minimizing operational prices, present aggressive fares that may considerably scale back the monetary burden of journey. This affordability opens up journey alternatives for a broader demographic, enabling people and households to attach between the 2 states who may in any other case discover air journey prohibitive. The impression of finances carriers is especially evident on routes with excessive leisure journey demand, the place worth sensitivity performs a major function in client decision-making. As an example, airways like Spirit and Frontier usually provide considerably decrease fares on routes between Florida’s standard vacationer locations and main cities in Pennsylvania, attracting vacationers in search of budget-friendly choices.

The operational mannequin of finances carriers usually entails using secondary airports, flying much less frequented routes, and charging for ancillary companies like checked baggage and in-flight meals. This method permits them to keep up decrease working prices, which interprets into decrease fares for passengers. Whereas this mannequin caters successfully to price-sensitive vacationers, it additionally necessitates cautious consideration of the related trade-offs. Longer journey instances as a consequence of much less handy airport places or connecting flights, restricted baggage allowances, and extra charges for further companies can issue into the general journey expertise. Understanding these components is essential for vacationers evaluating the cost-benefit equation of selecting a finances service. For instance, a traveler flying from a smaller airport in Florida to Pennsylvania on a finances service may face longer journey instances and extra prices for luggage in comparison with a flight with a significant airline from a significant airport. This consciousness permits vacationers to make knowledgeable choices aligned with their particular person priorities and journey wants.

In abstract, finances carriers present an important service by growing accessibility and affordability for air journey between Florida and Pennsylvania. Their presence fosters competitors throughout the market, benefiting customers via decrease fares and a wider vary of journey choices. Nonetheless, understanding the trade-offs related to the finances service mannequin, corresponding to potential limitations in service and extra charges, is essential for making knowledgeable journey choices. The supply and impression of finances carriers on particular routes usually correlate with components like seasonal demand, airport infrastructure, and the general aggressive panorama of the air journey market. This understanding empowers vacationers to successfully consider choices and select the airline that greatest aligns with their particular person journey preferences and finances constraints.

5. Seasonal Availability

Seasonal availability considerably influences the dynamics of air journey between Florida and Pennsylvania. Fluctuations in demand all year long, pushed by components corresponding to climate patterns, faculty holidays, and main occasions, straight impression flight schedules, pricing, and total journey expertise. Understanding these seasonal tendencies is essential for efficient journey planning.

  • Peak Season (Winter)

    Winter months usually signify the height season for flights from Pennsylvania to Florida. Escaping colder northern temperatures, vacationers search Florida’s hotter local weather, driving up demand and subsequently airfares. Elevated flight frequency and the supply of bigger plane are frequent throughout this era to accommodate the inflow of vacationers. Conversely, flights from Florida to Pennsylvania could expertise decrease demand and probably decrease fares, though vacation journey round Thanksgiving and Christmas can create non permanent spikes.

  • Shoulder Seasons (Spring and Fall)

    Spring and fall signify shoulder seasons, providing a steadiness between nice climate and reasonable journey demand. These intervals usually current favorable circumstances for vacationers in search of a compromise between price and availability. Airfares are typically decrease than throughout peak season, whereas flight choices stay comparatively plentiful. These seasons could be ideally suited for vacationers in search of a much less crowded expertise whereas nonetheless having fun with favorable climate circumstances in each states. Flexibility in journey dates throughout these intervals can additional improve price financial savings.

  • Off-Season (Summer season)

    Summer season usually represents the low season for flights from Pennsylvania to Florida. Increased temperatures and humidity in Florida throughout this era can deter some vacationers, resulting in decrease demand and probably decrease airfares. Conversely, demand for flights from Florida to Pennsylvania could enhance as residents search cooler climates within the north. This seasonal shift in journey patterns creates alternatives for vacationers in search of cost-effective flights to Florida, however requires cautious consideration of potential climate circumstances.

  • Affect of Particular Occasions

    Main occasions, corresponding to conventions, festivals, and sporting occasions, can considerably impression flight availability and pricing whatever the season. Elevated demand surrounding these occasions can result in larger fares and restricted availability, particularly for flights to the host metropolis or area. Planning forward and reserving flights effectively prematurely is essential for securing desired journey preparations throughout these intervals. Monitoring airline web sites and journey companies for particular occasion fares or journey packages can generally mitigate the impression of elevated demand.

Recognizing the interaction between these seasonal components and their impression on flight availability and pricing empowers vacationers to optimize their journey plans. Strategic timing of journey dates, contemplating various airports, and remaining versatile with flight choices can contribute considerably to a cheap and environment friendly journey expertise between Florida and Pennsylvania. Moreover, monitoring airline promotions and journey offers can yield extra financial savings, whatever the season.

6. Airport choices (departure/arrival)

Airport choice performs a vital function in shaping the general journey expertise for these flying between Florida and Pennsylvania. The selection of departure and arrival airports influences not solely flight availability and pricing but additionally components corresponding to journey time, floor transportation logistics, and potential ancillary prices. Main airports in Florida, corresponding to Miami Worldwide (MIA), Orlando Worldwide (MCO), and Tampa Worldwide (TPA), provide intensive route networks and frequent flights to numerous locations in Pennsylvania. These hubs usually function gateways for each home and worldwide journey, offering connections to a wider vary of airways and locations. Conversely, smaller regional airports in Florida, like Sarasota-Bradenton Worldwide (SRQ) or Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood Worldwide (FLL), could provide extra restricted flight choices and probably require connecting flights via bigger hubs. This distinction necessitates cautious consideration of journey time and potential layovers when selecting a departure airport. Equally, the selection of arrival airport in Pennsylvania, whether or not a significant hub like Philadelphia Worldwide (PHL) or a smaller regional airport corresponding to Lehigh Valley Worldwide (ABE), impacts floor transportation choices and total journey logistics.

The interaction between airport choices and airfare is a essential consideration for vacationers. Flights to or from main hub airports usually command larger costs as a consequence of elevated demand and larger route competitors. Price range-conscious vacationers may discover extra favorable fares by contemplating flights to or from smaller regional airports, accepting the potential trade-off of restricted flight choices and probably longer journey instances. For instance, flying right into a smaller airport in Pennsylvania like Harrisburg Worldwide (MDT) as an alternative of Philadelphia Worldwide (PHL) may provide decrease fares however require extra floor transportation to succeed in the ultimate vacation spot. Moreover, the supply of direct flights versus connecting flights is commonly influenced by airport choice. Main airports have a tendency to supply extra direct flight choices, decreasing total journey time and the danger of missed connections. Regional airports, whereas probably providing price financial savings, may necessitate connecting flights via bigger hubs, including complexity and time to the journey. Understanding the route networks and flight choices out there from completely different airports permits vacationers to make knowledgeable choices that align with their particular person journey preferences and budgetary constraints.

In abstract, the strategic collection of departure and arrival airports represents a essential part of planning environment friendly and cost-effective air journey between Florida and Pennsylvania. Balancing components corresponding to flight availability, pricing, journey time, and floor transportation logistics empowers vacationers to optimize their journeys. Recognizing the trade-offs inherent in selecting between main hubs and smaller regional airports permits vacationers to make knowledgeable choices that align with particular person wants and preferences. Thorough analysis and comparability of airport choices, contemplating components like flight schedules, airline choices, and floor transportation prices, are important for a easy and environment friendly journey expertise.

7. Baggage Allowances

Baggage allowances signify a vital side of air journey between Florida and Pennsylvania, impacting each the planning and execution of a visit. Insurance policies concerning checked and carry-on baggage fluctuate considerably amongst airways, significantly between main carriers and finances airways. This variance necessitates cautious consideration throughout the flight choice course of, as baggage charges can represent a considerable portion of total journey prices. Understanding particular airline insurance policies concerning measurement and weight restrictions for each checked and carry-on baggage is important. Exceeding these limits may end up in sudden charges on the airport, disrupting journey budgets and including stress to the journey. For instance, a household touring from Orlando to Philadelphia may discover {that a} finances service’s low preliminary airfare turns into much less engaging when factoring in baggage charges for a number of checked luggage, probably exceeding the price of a flight with a significant airline providing extra beneficiant baggage allowances.

The character of the tripwhether for enterprise, leisure, or relocationinfluences baggage wants and, consequently, the significance of luggage allowances. Enterprise vacationers usually require much less baggage, probably prioritizing carry-on luggage to keep away from checked baggage charges and streamline airport procedures. Leisure vacationers, significantly households, may require extra baggage to accommodate clothes, tools for actions, or souvenirs. These differing wants underscore the sensible significance of understanding baggage insurance policies when choosing flights. A traveler relocating from Tampa to Pittsburgh, as an illustration, faces completely different baggage necessities than a enterprise traveler flying from Miami to Harrisburg for a brief journey. Cautious consideration of luggage wants relative to airline insurance policies permits vacationers to make knowledgeable choices that optimize each price and comfort. Moreover, consciousness of Transportation Safety Administration (TSA) rules concerning prohibited gadgets in each carry-on and checked baggage is essential to keep away from delays and potential confiscation of things at safety checkpoints.

In conclusion, baggage allowances signify a key issue influencing the general price and comfort of air journey between Florida and Pennsylvania. Cautious analysis of airline-specific baggage insurance policies, contemplating particular person journey wants and the potential impression of luggage charges on the general journey finances, is important for a easy and cost-effective journey expertise. Understanding these parameters allows knowledgeable decision-making, guaranteeing alignment between journey necessities and related prices, finally optimizing the journey between these two states.

8. Journey Time

Journey time represents a essential issue influencing flight choice for journeys between Florida and Pennsylvania. The period of a flight is impacted by a number of key parts, together with the chosen route, the presence of layovers, and prevailing climate circumstances. Direct flights usually provide the shortest journey instances, eliminating the necessity for connecting flights and related layovers. For instance, a direct flight from Orlando Worldwide Airport (MCO) to Philadelphia Worldwide Airport (PHL) usually takes roughly 2.5 to three hours. Conversely, connecting flights, usually routed via main airline hubs, can considerably prolong journey time. A flight from Jacksonville Worldwide Airport (JAX) to Pittsburgh Worldwide Airport (PIT) with a layover in Charlotte Douglas Worldwide Airport (CLT) may prolong the entire journey time to five hours or extra, relying on the layover period. Climate circumstances, corresponding to air visitors congestion or opposed climate patterns alongside the flight path, can additional affect journey time, resulting in potential delays and prolonged journeys.

The sensible significance of journey time varies relying on particular person circumstances and the aim of journey. Enterprise vacationers usually prioritize shorter journey instances to maximise productiveness and reduce time away from skilled commitments. For these people, the added expense of a direct flight may be justified by the point saved in comparison with a connecting flight. Leisure vacationers, significantly these on trip, may exhibit larger flexibility with journey time, probably choosing connecting flights with longer durations if they provide vital price financial savings. The time of day additionally performs a task in journey time concerns. Early morning or late night flights, whereas probably much less handy by way of scheduling, may provide shorter journey instances as a consequence of decreased air visitors congestion. Understanding the varied components impacting journey time empowers vacationers to make knowledgeable choices aligned with their particular wants and priorities. As an example, a household touring from Tampa Worldwide Airport (TPA) to Harrisburg Worldwide Airport (MDT) may prioritize a direct flight to reduce journey time and potential disruptions for younger youngsters, even when it entails a better airfare. Conversely, a pupil touring from Gainesville Regional Airport (GNV) to Philadelphia Worldwide Airport (PHL) may prioritize price financial savings by choosing a connecting flight with an extended period.

In abstract, cautious consideration of journey time, alongside components like price and comfort, contributes considerably to an environment friendly and stress-free journey expertise between Florida and Pennsylvania. Evaluating the trade-offs between direct and connecting flights, understanding the potential impression of climate circumstances, and aligning journey time decisions with particular person priorities guarantee a well-planned and executed journey. This consciousness permits vacationers to make knowledgeable choices that optimize each time and assets, maximizing the worth and pleasure of their travels between these two states.

Ceaselessly Requested Questions

This part addresses frequent inquiries concerning air journey between Florida and Pennsylvania, offering concise and informative responses to facilitate knowledgeable journey planning.

Query 1: What’s the common flight period for a direct flight between Florida and Pennsylvania?

Direct flight durations fluctuate relying on the particular departure and arrival airports. Nonetheless, flights between main cities like Orlando and Philadelphia usually vary from 2.5 to three hours. Shorter distances, corresponding to between Tallahassee and Pittsburgh, may need barely shorter flight instances.

Query 2: How far prematurely ought to one e book flights for the absolute best fares?

Reserving flights a number of weeks and even months prematurely usually yields probably the most aggressive fares, particularly throughout peak journey seasons. Final-minute bookings usually lead to larger costs as a consequence of restricted availability. Flexibility with journey dates may also contribute to securing decrease fares.

Query 3: Are there budget-friendly airline choices out there for journey between Florida and Pennsylvania?

A number of finances carriers, corresponding to Spirit and Frontier, provide service between Florida and Pennsylvania, offering cost-effective journey choices. Nonetheless, these airways usually cost for ancillary companies like checked baggage and seat choice. Cautious consideration of those extra prices is important when evaluating total journey bills.

Query 4: What are the key airports serving this route?

Main airports in Florida serving this route embrace Miami Worldwide (MIA), Orlando Worldwide (MCO), Tampa Worldwide (TPA), and Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood Worldwide (FLL). Key airports in Pennsylvania embrace Philadelphia Worldwide (PHL), Pittsburgh Worldwide (PIT), and Harrisburg Worldwide (MDT).

Query 5: How does seasonal demand impression flight availability and pricing?

Peak journey seasons, significantly winter months, usually see larger demand for flights from Pennsylvania to Florida, resulting in elevated fares and probably restricted availability. Conversely, the summer time months usually expertise decrease demand and probably decrease fares on this route. Shoulder seasons, spring and fall, provide a steadiness between favorable climate and reasonable journey prices.

Query 6: What components ought to be thought-about when selecting between a direct and connecting flight?

Key concerns embrace total journey time, price, and potential for delays. Direct flights provide shorter journey instances however usually come at a premium. Connecting flights, whereas probably longer, may provide substantial price financial savings. Evaluating the worth of time versus price is essential in making an knowledgeable resolution.

Cautious consideration of those components contributes considerably to environment friendly and cost-effective journey planning between Florida and Pennsylvania.

Exploring particular airline web sites and using on-line journey companies supplies additional assets for detailed flight info, reserving choices, and potential journey offers.

Ideas for Florida to Pennsylvania Flights

Optimizing journey preparations requires cautious consideration of assorted components. The next ideas present worthwhile insights for environment friendly and cost-effective journey between Florida and Pennsylvania.

Tip 1: Leverage Off-Peak Journey. Touring throughout shoulder seasons (spring and fall) or throughout the summer time months usually yields decrease fares as a consequence of decreased demand. Flexibility with journey dates maximizes alternatives for price financial savings.

Tip 2: Discover Regional Airport Choices. Take into account departing from or arriving at smaller regional airports. These airports usually provide decrease fares than main hubs, probably offsetting any elevated floor transportation prices.

Tip 3: Make the most of Flight Comparability Web sites. Using on-line journey companies and flight comparability web sites facilitates complete fare comparisons throughout a number of airways, enabling identification of probably the most aggressive choices.

Tip 4: Bundle Journey Preparations. Reserving flights and lodging collectively as a bundle usually unlocks reductions, decreasing total journey bills. Exploring bundle offers via journey companies or straight with airways can yield vital financial savings.

Tip 5: Consider Baggage Charges. Price range airways usually cost for checked baggage. Cautious consideration of luggage wants and related charges is important when evaluating total flight prices. Packing mild and adhering to carry-on measurement restrictions can mitigate these bills.

Tip 6: Signal Up for Airline Electronic mail Alerts. Subscribing to e-mail alerts from most well-liked airways supplies notification of particular promotions, fare gross sales, and last-minute offers, enabling proactive reserving of cost-effective flights.

Tip 7: Take into account Journey Time versus Price. Evaluating the trade-off between direct and connecting flights is essential. Whereas direct flights provide shorter journey instances, connecting flights may provide substantial price financial savings, particularly for budget-conscious vacationers.

Tip 8: Guide in Advance for Peak Season Journey. If journey throughout peak season (winter) is unavoidable, reserving effectively prematurely is important to safe desired flights and probably mitigate larger fares as a consequence of elevated demand.

Implementing these methods enhances journey planning and probably reduces total bills, contributing to a extra environment friendly and pleasant journey expertise.

By contemplating the following tips, vacationers can optimize their journeys between Florida and Pennsylvania. The subsequent part supplies a concise conclusion to this complete information.

Conclusion

Navigating the complexities of air journey between Florida and Pennsylvania requires a complete understanding of the varied components influencing flight choices. This exploration has highlighted key elements, together with the roles of main and finances airways, the implications of direct versus connecting flights, the impression of seasonal demand on pricing and availability, the strategic significance of airport choice, and the often-overlooked particulars of luggage allowances. Moreover, cautious consideration of journey time relative to price and particular person priorities stays paramount in optimizing journey preparations.

Efficient planning, knowledgeable decision-making, and strategic utilization of accessible assets empower vacationers to navigate this route effectively. The evolving panorama of air journey necessitates ongoing consciousness of trade tendencies, airline insurance policies, and rising applied sciences to make sure continued entry to cost-effective and handy journey choices between these two states. In the end, knowledgeable vacationers are greatest positioned to capitalize on alternatives for seamless and environment friendly journeys between Florida and Pennsylvania.