8+ Top Charter Flights San Diego Deals & Quotes


8+ Top Charter Flights San Diego Deals & Quotes

Privately employed plane provide versatile, on-demand air journey to and from San Diego Worldwide Airport (SAN) and different regional airfields. This service caters to numerous journey wants, from enterprise journeys and particular occasions to leisure journey for people, households, and teams. For instance, a company group would possibly make the most of this type of transportation for a convention, or a household would possibly rent a aircraft for a trip.

On-demand air journey supplies important benefits in comparison with industrial airways, together with customized itineraries, expedited boarding procedures, and entry to smaller airports nearer to ultimate locations. This type of journey typically reduces total journey time and provides larger privateness and luxury. Traditionally, non-public aviation in Southern California has performed an important position in supporting industries like movie and know-how, facilitating fast and handy journey for executives and expertise.

Additional exploration of this matter will cowl key features corresponding to the varied plane varieties accessible, the method of arranging non-public air journey, value issues, and well-liked locations accessible from the San Diego space.

1. Plane Availability

Plane availability considerably impacts the feasibility and nature of personal air journey originating in San Diego. The kind of plane required relies on a number of elements, together with the variety of passengers, the gap to the vacation spot, and the specified stage of consolation. A various vary of plane, from gentle jets appropriate for brief hops with a small group to bigger, long-range jets able to transcontinental flights, influences the accessible choices for constitution flights departing from San Diego. For example, a enterprise journey for 4 executives to Las Vegas would possibly require a light-weight jet like a Cessna Quotation CJ3, whereas a household trip to Hawaii may necessitate a bigger cabin-class jet like a Gulfstream G280.

The provision of particular plane fashions fluctuates on account of elements corresponding to scheduled upkeep, present bookings, and operator location. This dynamic availability influences pricing and scheduling flexibility. Securing the specified plane sort typically requires superior reserving, particularly throughout peak journey seasons or for well-liked routes. Understanding these elements permits shoppers to handle expectations and make knowledgeable choices about their non-public journey preparations. For instance, reserving a long-range jet for a big group throughout a vacation interval necessitates considerably extra lead time than securing a smaller plane for a brief regional flight in the course of the low season.

In abstract, understanding the dynamics of plane availability is essential for profitable non-public flight planning within the San Diego space. Cautious consideration of passenger numbers, vacation spot distance, and desired facilities, mixed with proactive communication with constitution operators about accessible plane and scheduling constraints, ensures environment friendly and efficient non-public air journey preparations. This consciousness empowers shoppers to navigate the complexities of personal aviation and optimize their journey expertise.

2. Operator Choice

Operator choice represents a crucial determination when arranging non-public air journey from San Diego. The chosen operator straight impacts not solely the protection and legality of the flight but additionally the general journey expertise. Respected operators adhere to stringent security requirements, keep well-maintained plane, and make use of skilled flight crews. These elements contribute considerably to a safe and cozy journey. Conversely, choosing an unqualified or much less respected operator may jeopardize passenger security and create logistical problems. Due diligence in researching and vetting potential operators is crucial. Verifying operator certifications, inspecting security information, and confirming insurance coverage protection are essential steps on this course of. For instance, confirming an operator’s ARGUS ranking or Wyvern Wingman standing supplies beneficial perception into their security practices and operational historical past.

Past security issues, the chosen operator influences the standard of the in-flight expertise. Completely different operators provide various ranges of service, facilities, and plane choices. Some specialise in luxurious journey, offering high-end catering and customized concierge companies, whereas others give attention to environment friendly and cost-effective transportation. Understanding these distinctions permits shoppers to pick out an operator whose companies align with their particular wants and preferences. For example, a company consumer prioritizing effectivity would possibly select an operator identified for immediate departures and streamlined companies, whereas a leisure traveler would possibly go for an operator specializing in personalized itineraries and opulent in-flight facilities. The operator’s fleet composition additionally performs a vital position. An operator specializing in long-range jets is likely to be extra appropriate for worldwide journey than one whose fleet primarily contains turboprops higher fitted to shorter regional flights.

In conclusion, cautious operator choice is paramount for profitable non-public air journey from San Diego. Prioritizing security and conducting thorough analysis to confirm operator credentials are elementary steps. Contemplating elements corresponding to service ranges, plane choices, and expertise permits shoppers to align their wants with the operator’s capabilities. This knowledgeable method maximizes the chance of a secure, comfy, and environment friendly non-public flight expertise.

3. Airport Entry (SAN/CRQ/MYF)

Airport entry represents a vital element of personal air journey originating in San Diego. The selection of departure airport considerably influences comfort, value, and total journey effectivity. San Diego provides a number of airports catering to personal aviation, every with distinct traits and benefits. Understanding the nuances of those choices permits shoppers to optimize their journey preparations.

  • San Diego Worldwide Airport (SAN)

    SAN, the first industrial airport serving San Diego, additionally accommodates non-public aviation. Its complete services, together with customs and immigration companies, make it appropriate for worldwide flights. Nevertheless, SAN’s larger operational prices and potential for congestion can influence pricing and scheduling flexibility. For instance, a transatlantic flight would necessitate departure from SAN on account of its customs capabilities.

  • McClellan-Palomar Airport (CRQ)

    Positioned in Carlsbad, CRQ provides a handy various to SAN for home flights, notably for these touring to or from North County San Diego. CRQ experiences much less congestion than SAN, typically leading to faster departures and arrivals. This airport is well-suited for regional flights inside Southern California and neighboring states. For example, a enterprise journey to Los Angeles or Las Vegas may effectively originate from CRQ.

  • Montgomery-Gibbs Government Airport (MYF)

    Located in Kearny Mesa, MYF supplies handy entry to central San Diego. This smaller airport primarily serves basic aviation, providing environment friendly operations and diminished transit instances for native and regional flights. MYF presents an economical possibility for shorter journeys, corresponding to a fast flight to a close-by enterprise assembly or a weekend getaway to a regional vacation spot.

  • Airport Choice Issues

    Choosing the suitable airport entails balancing elements corresponding to proximity to the ultimate vacation spot, operational prices, and desired facilities. For worldwide flights, SAN stays the one viable possibility on account of its customs and immigration services. For home journey, CRQ and MYF provide handy and infrequently cheaper options to SAN, particularly for shorter flights. Contemplating these elements optimizes each value and journey time. For instance, a traveler residing in North County San Diego heading to a home vacation spot would possible discover CRQ extra handy and environment friendly than SAN.

In abstract, understanding the distinct traits of SAN, CRQ, and MYF permits shoppers to tailor their airport choice to their particular journey wants. This knowledgeable determination enhances total journey effectivity and doubtlessly reduces prices, contributing to a extra seamless and optimized non-public flight expertise.

4. Value Issues

Value issues signify a big issue when evaluating non-public air journey from San Diego. A number of variables affect the ultimate worth, creating a posh pricing construction that necessitates cautious analysis. Understanding these elements permits shoppers to make knowledgeable choices and handle budgetary expectations successfully.

Major value drivers embody plane sort, flight period, and chosen operator. Bigger, extra luxurious plane command larger hourly charges than smaller turboprops. Longer flights naturally incur larger total prices on account of elevated gasoline consumption and crew time. Operator pricing fashions additionally range, with some emphasizing premium companies and facilities, leading to larger worth factors. Further bills, corresponding to airport charges, catering, and floor transportation, additional contribute to the full value. For instance, a transcontinental flight on a heavy jet with premium catering will considerably exceed the price of a brief regional hop on a light-weight turboprop with commonplace facilities. Moreover, peak journey seasons and high-demand routes typically expertise elevated pricing on account of elevated competitors for restricted plane availability.

Efficient value administration requires cautious planning and clear communication with constitution operators. Offering correct passenger counts, exact vacation spot info, and desired journey dates permits operators to generate exact value estimates. Flexibility with journey dates and instances can doubtlessly yield value financial savings by leveraging much less aggressive time slots or various routing. Exploring empty leg flights, the place an plane is repositioning with out passengers, can current substantial value reductions, albeit with much less schedule flexibility. Evaluating quotes from a number of respected operators ensures aggressive pricing and permits shoppers to align their price range with the specified stage of service and plane sort. For example, a consumer prioritizing value effectivity would possibly go for a turboprop for a shorter regional flight throughout an off-peak season, whereas a consumer prioritizing pace and luxury would possibly justify the upper value of a long-range jet for a transcontinental flight throughout a peak journey interval.

In conclusion, navigating the complexities of personal aviation pricing requires a complete understanding of the contributing elements. Cautious consideration of plane sort, flight period, operator pricing fashions, and extra bills permits knowledgeable budgetary choices. Proactive communication with operators, flexibility with journey preparations, and exploration of cost-saving choices empower shoppers to optimize their non-public air journey expertise from San Diego whereas successfully managing prices.

5. Vacation spot Flexibility

Vacation spot flexibility represents a big benefit of personal air journey originating from San Diego. Not like industrial airways constrained by mounted routes and schedules, chartered flights provide entry to a wider vary of locations, together with smaller airports typically inaccessible to bigger plane. This expanded attain empowers vacationers to optimize itineraries, scale back total journey time, and entry distant or less-served places. This flexibility proves notably beneficial for enterprise vacationers needing to achieve a number of places effectively or leisure vacationers in search of entry to unique resorts and distant locations.

  • Entry to Regional Airports

    Personal aviation makes use of regional airports like Carlsbad (CRQ) and Montgomery Area (MYF), along with San Diego Worldwide (SAN). This provides proximity to particular locations and avoids the congestion of main hubs. For instance, a enterprise traveler may fly on to a smaller airport close to a producing facility, bypassing the necessity for prolonged floor transportation from a bigger airport. This direct entry interprets to important time financial savings and enhanced productiveness.

  • Custom-made Itineraries

    Constitution flights accommodate customized itineraries, permitting vacationers to dictate departure instances, locations, and stopovers. This flexibility eliminates reliance on mounted schedules and permits environment friendly multi-leg journeys. For instance, a household may fly from San Diego to a ski resort in Mammoth Lakes, then proceed to Las Vegas, all inside a single day, a feat unimaginable with industrial airways. This tailor-made method maximizes time effectivity and caters to particular person journey wants.

  • Reaching Distant Locations

    Personal air journey unlocks entry to distant or underserved places typically inaccessible by industrial routes. This opens potentialities for distinctive journey experiences, corresponding to reaching unique resorts or exploring distant wilderness areas. For instance, a bunch of adventurers may constitution a flight to a distant airstrip in Baja California for a fishing expedition, accessing a location in any other case requiring in depth journey preparations.

  • Enhanced Journey Effectivity

    By bypassing industrial airline hubs and accessing smaller airports nearer to ultimate locations, non-public flights considerably scale back total journey time. This effectivity is especially beneficial for time-sensitive enterprise journeys or when maximizing trip time. For instance, a CEO may fly straight from San Diego to a enterprise assembly in a smaller metropolis, minimizing journey time and maximizing productiveness, avoiding layovers and floor transportation delays related to industrial flights.

In abstract, vacation spot flexibility supplied by non-public constitution flights from San Diego considerably enhances journey choices. Entry to regional airports, personalized itineraries, and the flexibility to achieve distant places mix to offer a tailor-made and environment friendly journey expertise, aligning with the particular wants and preferences of discerning vacationers. This attribute distinguishes non-public aviation as a premium journey answer, providing an unparalleled stage of management and accessibility in comparison with industrial options.

6. In-flight Facilities

In-flight facilities signify a key differentiator throughout the non-public aviation sector, considerably impacting the general expertise of constitution flights departing from San Diego. These facilities lengthen past primary comforts, encompassing a variety of companies and options tailor-made to boost passenger productiveness, rest, and total well-being. The provision and high quality of those facilities typically affect consumer decisions when choosing a constitution operator and plane sort. For instance, executives touring on enterprise would possibly prioritize high-speed web connectivity and personal workspaces, whereas households on trip would possibly worth leisure programs and cozy seating configurations. The hyperlink between in-flight facilities and the perceived worth of a constitution flight is simple, straight impacting consumer satisfaction and repeat enterprise. An expensive cabin setting that includes comfy seating, customized local weather management, and connoisseur catering elevates the journey expertise past mere transportation, remodeling it into an extension of a premium life-style.

The vary of accessible in-flight facilities displays the range of consumer wants and preferences. Excessive-speed web entry facilitates in-flight productiveness, permitting enterprise vacationers to stay related all through their journey. Connoisseur catering choices, personalized to dietary restrictions and preferences, present a refined eating expertise. Superior leisure programs, that includes high-definition screens and premium audio, provide a welcome distraction throughout longer flights. Personal workspaces and cozy sleeping preparations additional improve the journey expertise, permitting passengers to maximise productiveness or relaxation comfortably. The provision of those facilities typically correlates with the plane sort and the chosen operator. Bigger cabin-class jets usually provide extra in depth and opulent facilities in comparison with smaller turboprops, reflecting the upper worth level related to these plane. Some operators specialise in offering premium companies and facilities, catering to a clientele that prioritizes luxurious and customized consideration. For example, a long-range jet would possibly characteristic a devoted sleeping cabin, a full galley, and a number of leisure zones, whereas a smaller plane would possibly provide primary Wi-Fi and a less complicated refreshment service.

In conclusion, in-flight facilities play a vital position in shaping the non-public air journey expertise from San Diego. Understanding the accessible choices and their influence on each passenger consolation and productiveness empowers shoppers to make knowledgeable choices when choosing an operator and plane. The cautious consideration of those facilities, aligned with particular person journey wants and preferences, maximizes the worth and delight of a personal constitution flight, remodeling it from a mode of transportation into a personalised and elevated journey expertise. The continued evolution of in-flight know-how and repair choices underscores the dynamic nature of this facet of personal aviation, additional enhancing the attraction and comfort of constitution flights departing from San Diego.

7. Security Laws

Stringent security rules govern all features of personal air journey originating from San Diego, guaranteeing passenger well-being and sustaining operational integrity. These rules, enforced by governmental our bodies such because the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), cowl plane upkeep, pilot certifications, operational procedures, and airport safety. Understanding these rules supplies context for the operational framework inside which non-public constitution flights operate, underscoring the dedication to passenger security inherent throughout the trade. These rules signify a non-negotiable facet of personal aviation, differentiating respected operators from these doubtlessly compromising security for cost-cutting or different causes.

  • Plane Upkeep

    Rigorous upkeep schedules and inspections make sure the airworthiness of all plane working constitution flights. These necessities embody common checks of crucial programs, together with engines, avionics, and structural elements. Detailed information doc all upkeep actions, offering a clear historical past of the plane’s situation. For instance, a personal jet undergoes common inspections primarily based on flight hours and calendar time, guaranteeing compliance with FAA mandates. These stringent protocols reduce mechanical failures and improve flight security.

  • Pilot Certifications and Coaching

    Pilots working constitution flights should maintain applicable certifications and endure recurrent coaching, validating their proficiency and guaranteeing adherence to greatest practices. These necessities embody particular plane sort scores, instrument flight guidelines (IFR) certifications, and common flight simulator coaching. Pilots should additionally keep medical certifications demonstrating bodily and psychological health. For example, a pilot flying a Gulfstream G650 should maintain a selected sort ranking for that plane, together with an Airline Transport Pilot (ATP) certificates, demonstrating superior flight proficiency. Ongoing coaching ensures pilots stay present on security procedures and emergency protocols.

  • Operational Procedures

    Established operational procedures dictate flight planning, communication protocols, and emergency response procedures. These pointers guarantee constant and secure operations, mitigating dangers related to human error and unexpected circumstances. For instance, pre-flight checklists guarantee pilots systematically confirm crucial programs and cling to standardized security practices. Clear communication protocols between pilots and air visitors management improve situational consciousness and facilitate secure navigation. Established emergency procedures present pilots with clear pointers for dealing with in-flight emergencies, maximizing passenger security.

  • Airport Safety

    Safety measures at airports serving non-public constitution flights, together with SAN, CRQ, and MYF, align with broader aviation safety protocols. Passenger screening procedures, baggage inspections, and entry controls mitigate dangers related to unauthorized entry and potential safety threats. For instance, passengers on non-public constitution flights usually endure screening much like industrial airline passengers, guaranteeing compliance with Transportation Safety Administration (TSA) rules. Safe entry controls prohibit unauthorized personnel from delicate areas throughout the airport, sustaining a secure and managed operational setting.

In conclusion, sturdy security rules underpin the operational framework of personal constitution flights departing from San Diego. These rules, overlaying plane upkeep, pilot {qualifications}, operational procedures, and airport safety, show the trade’s dedication to passenger security. Understanding and appreciating these rules supplies beneficial context for shoppers evaluating non-public aviation choices, permitting them to pick out respected operators prioritizing security and compliance. These complete security protocols contribute considerably to mitigating danger and guaranteeing a safe and dependable journey expertise for all passengers using non-public constitution flights from San Diego.

8. Reserving Procedures

Reserving procedures for constitution flights departing from San Diego signify a vital facet of the non-public aviation expertise, impacting each the effectivity of journey preparations and the general consumer expertise. A streamlined and clear reserving course of minimizes logistical complexities and facilitates a seamless transition from preliminary inquiry to wheels up. A number of key parts contribute to environment friendly reserving procedures, together with clear communication with constitution operators, correct itinerary particulars, and immediate documentation processing. For instance, a consumer in search of to constitution a flight from San Diego to Aspen for a ski trip would provoke the method by contacting a constitution operator or using a web-based reserving platform. Offering exact particulars concerning passenger numbers, desired journey dates, and particular airport preferences (SAN, CRQ, or MYF) permits the operator to generate correct quotes and assess plane availability.

Efficient communication between the consumer and the constitution operator types the cornerstone of a profitable reserving course of. Clear articulation of journey necessities, together with baggage limitations, particular passenger wants, and most popular in-flight facilities, ensures alignment between consumer expectations and the delivered service. Immediate responses to operator inquiries concerning passenger manifests, catering preferences, and floor transportation preparations additional expedite the method. For example, a company consumer chartering a flight for a group assembly would possibly require particular catering preparations to accommodate dietary restrictions, or they may want floor transportation organized from the vacation spot airport to the assembly venue. Proactive communication concerning these particulars streamlines the reserving course of and ensures a seamless journey expertise.

A well-defined reserving course of contributes considerably to a constructive consumer expertise. Clear pricing buildings, clear contractual phrases, and readily accessible buyer assist channels foster belief and confidence within the chosen operator. Environment friendly doc processing, together with immediate supply of flight confirmations, passenger manifests, and security briefings, additional enhances the professionalism and reliability of the service. For instance, a consumer receiving well timed flight confirmations and detailed pre-flight info experiences a better stage of confidence within the operator’s professionalism and a spotlight to element. This contributes to a constructive notion of the general non-public aviation expertise.

Steadily Requested Questions

Addressing widespread inquiries concerning non-public air journey from San Diego clarifies key features and assists in knowledgeable decision-making.

Query 1: How far prematurely ought to one e book a constitution flight from San Diego?

Reserving lead instances range primarily based on elements corresponding to plane availability, vacation spot reputation, and time of 12 months. Whereas reserving a light-weight jet for a regional flight a couple of days prematurely is likely to be attainable, reserving bigger plane or flights throughout peak seasons typically requires a number of weeks and even months of lead time. Superior reserving is mostly beneficial to safe most popular plane and departure instances.

Query 2: What are the everyday prices related to chartering a flight from San Diego?

Prices rely upon plane sort, flight period, and extra companies. Hourly charges for gentle jets usually begin within the low hundreds, whereas bigger, long-range jets can value considerably extra per hour. Components like catering, floor transportation, and airport charges contribute to the full value. Acquiring quotes from a number of operators permits for value comparisons and knowledgeable budgetary choices.

Query 3: What airports in San Diego deal with non-public constitution flights?

San Diego Worldwide Airport (SAN), McClellan-Palomar Airport (CRQ), and Montgomery-Gibbs Government Airport (MYF) accommodate non-public aviation. The selection of airport relies on elements like vacation spot, plane sort, and consumer desire. SAN handles worldwide flights on account of its customs services, whereas CRQ and MYF provide handy options for home journey.

Query 4: What security measures are in place for personal constitution flights?

Stringent security rules ruled by the FAA embody plane upkeep, pilot certifications, and operational procedures. Respected operators adhere to those rules, guaranteeing the airworthiness of plane and the proficiency of flight crews. Passengers endure safety screening much like industrial airways, additional enhancing security and safety.

Query 5: What are the benefits of chartering a flight in comparison with flying commercially?

Chartering a flight provides benefits corresponding to customized itineraries, versatile departure instances, entry to smaller airports, and enhanced privateness. Bypassing industrial airline hubs typically reduces total journey time and eliminates the hassles related to scheduled airline journey. In-flight facilities tailor-made to passenger wants additional improve the journey expertise.

Query 6: What’s the course of for arranging catering and different in-flight companies?

Catering and different in-flight companies are usually organized via the constitution operator in the course of the reserving course of. Operators provide a variety of catering choices, accommodating dietary restrictions and preferences. Further companies, corresponding to floor transportation and concierge companies, will also be organized upon request. Clear communication with the operator ensures that every one in-flight wants are met.

Cautious consideration of those ceaselessly requested questions facilitates a complete understanding of the nuances related to chartering flights from San Diego. This information empowers potential shoppers to make knowledgeable choices, optimizing each the worth and effectivity of their non-public air journey expertise.

Additional exploration of this matter could embody detailed case research, operator comparisons, and particular vacation spot guides related to personal air journey from San Diego.

Ideas for Using Personal Air Journey from San Diego

Optimizing the non-public air journey expertise from San Diego requires cautious planning and consideration of varied elements. The next ideas present steerage for maximizing effectivity, consolation, and worth when using this specialised mode of transportation.

Tip 1: Plan Forward and E book Early

Plane availability, particularly for particular fashions or throughout peak seasons, necessitates advance reserving. Early planning permits for larger flexibility in choosing most popular plane, departure instances, and airport choices (SAN, CRQ, MYF). Final-minute bookings could encounter restricted availability or premium pricing.

Tip 2: Talk Clearly with Operators

Detailed communication with constitution operators concerning passenger numbers, baggage necessities, desired facilities, and particular itinerary particulars ensures a easy and customized journey expertise. Offering complete info upfront minimizes potential miscommunications or logistical problems.

Tip 3: Examine Quotes and Operator Providers

Acquiring quotes from a number of respected operators permits for value comparisons and analysis of service choices. Completely different operators specialise in varied plane varieties and ranges of service, permitting shoppers to pick out the perfect match for his or her particular wants and price range.

Tip 4: Take into account Airport Choices Strategically

Selecting the suitable departure airport (SAN, CRQ, MYF) entails contemplating elements like proximity to the ultimate vacation spot, potential congestion, and operational prices. For worldwide flights, SAN stays the only possibility on account of its customs services. Home vacationers typically profit from the comfort and cost-effectiveness of CRQ or MYF.

Tip 5: Consider Further Prices

The whole value of a constitution flight extends past the hourly plane price. Further bills, corresponding to airport charges, catering, floor transportation, and de-icing companies throughout winter months, contribute to the ultimate worth. Understanding these potential add-on prices permits for correct budgeting.

Tip 6: Discover Empty Leg Alternatives

Empty leg flights, the place an plane repositions with out passengers, provide potential value financial savings. Whereas much less versatile when it comes to scheduling, these flights can present substantial reductions for vacationers with adaptable itineraries.

Tip 7: Leverage Expertise for Enhanced Effectivity

Using on-line reserving platforms and flight monitoring purposes streamlines the reserving course of and supplies real-time updates concerning flight standing. These technological instruments improve transparency and communication all through the journey expertise.

Implementing these methods enhances the effectivity, consolation, and total worth proposition of personal air journey from San Diego. Cautious planning, clear communication, and knowledgeable decision-making contribute considerably to a constructive and productive non-public aviation expertise.

The next conclusion will synthesize key takeaways and underscore the worth proposition of personal air journey within the San Diego context.

Constitution Flights San Diego

Personal air journey provides distinct benefits for these in search of environment friendly and customized transportation to and from the San Diego space. Entry to a various vary of plane, coupled with the pliability of using San Diego Worldwide Airport (SAN), McClellan-Palomar Airport (CRQ), or Montgomery-Gibbs Government Airport (MYF), caters to quite a lot of journey wants. Cautious consideration of operator choice, value elements, and in-flight facilities ensures a tailor-made and productive expertise. Stringent security rules and streamlined reserving procedures contribute to a safe and dependable journey answer.

Personal aviation represents a significant factor of the broader transportation panorama in Southern California. The power to bypass industrial airline limitations provides unparalleled flexibility and effectivity for each enterprise and leisure vacationers. Because the demand for customized and time-saving journey options continues to evolve, non-public constitution flights from San Diego stay a compelling possibility for these prioritizing comfort, consolation, and management over their journey expertise. Additional exploration and evaluation of evolving tendencies throughout the non-public aviation sector will present beneficial insights for each present and potential shoppers.